《风景园林》2020年专题征稿启动
2019年5月，《风景园林》面向活跃在风景园林及相关学科科研、教学和实践一线的学者公开召集2020年专题学术主持人，截止2019年6月底本刊共收到50余份专题组稿方案。感谢为本刊贡献方案的各位申请人，本刊依据选题前沿性、学科热点及组稿方案的可行性等因素对所有提交方案进行谨慎筛选，现确定2020年《风景园林》的19个专题。专题顺序有先后，会根据到稿情况微调。专题征集稿件不限于论文，包括相关作品。
欢迎广大作者及读者围绕专题在线投稿（www.lalavision.com）、推荐撰稿人，或提出宝贵意见。
专题名称Specials Issues
城市生境与植物群落设计
Urban Habitat-site and Plant Community Design
风景园林与国土空间规划
Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning of National Land
智慧城市设计与技术
Smart City Design and Technology
传统人居环境营造思想与技术传承
Design Ideology and Technology Sustainability of Local Human Built Environment
自然保护地评估、规划与管理
Assessment, Planning and Management of Nature Reserves
自然途径
Nature-based Solutions
公园更新
Park Renewal
健康城市与健康人居
Healthy City and Healthy Human Settlements
区域风景营构传统
Regional Landscape Construction Tradition
风景园林设计思想研究
Research on Design Thinking and Philosophy of Landscape Architecture
河流保护与修复研究
River Protection and Restoration Research
生态系统服务
Ecosystem Service
景观正义
Interpretation of Landscape Justice
城市雨水绿色基础设施
Urban Green Stormwater Infrastructure
乡村人居生态环境
Rural Human Settlement Ecological Environment
气候变化及设计应对策略
Urban Thermal Climate Change and Design Strategies
工业遗产与景观更新
Industrial Heritage and Landscape Renewal
城市自然系统整体规划
Master Planning of Urban Natural Systems
专类公园
Special Parks
专题阐述Special Description
为便于广大作者更好地针对专题投稿，特邀请组稿人对各专题进行深入阐述，明确专题内涵外延。
城市生境与植物群落设计
“生境”（habitat，biotope）最为广义的解释是指生物个体、种群或群落生活和完成生命过程的空间或环境类型，生境特征决定着群落的类型，两者之间又相互影响。城市生境与自然生境不同，因其破碎、孤立而更具高频度异质性和多样性。城市各种绿地依据场地小气候及土壤条件，特别是日照条件，以及竖向影响下的水文过程时空分布特征，形成了不同类型的城市生境。群落生态学探究自然群落构成与生境的相互关系的基本原理，基于适宜的地带性植被特征，进行城市不同生境条件下的植物群落组构，并有效干预其演替过程达到相对稳态。城市生境及其植物群落是构成城市生态系统的关键。
城市生境营造及植物群落设计理论和方法，是国内外风景园林学科理论与实践研究的重要领域和前沿方向，该研究基于风景园林学科在场地空间布局与竖向设计、种植设计等核心内容，涉及城市生态学、群落生态学、水文学、土壤学及景观社会学等跨学科知识，通过自然科学与工程技术研究范式转化，建立可实践型学科知识体系，并广泛应用于生态修复、低影响开发、城市生物多样性、节约式园林、屋顶绿化等各项实践领域。
选题方向：城市生境特征、类型及空间格局；城市生物多样性与植物群落设计；竖向设计、水文过程与生境营造；道路绿地生境特征研究；生物多样性修复实践研究。
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Urban Habitat-site and Plant Community Design
Habitat, or biotope, in its broadest interpretation, refers to the type of space or environment in which individual organisms, populations, or communities live and complete their process of life. Habitat characteristics determine the type of community, and the two interact with each other. Different from natural habitat, urban habitat has high-frequency heterogeneity and diversity because it is fragmented and isolated. According to the site microclimate and soil conditions, especially sunshine conditions and temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of hydrological processes under the vertical influence, urban green spaces have formed various types of urban habitat-sites. Community ecology explores the basic principles of natural community composition and its relationship with habitats. Based on the suitable zonal vegetation characteristics, it constructs the plant community under various urban habitat-site conditions and effectively intervenes the succession process to reach a relatively steady state. Urban habitat-site and its plant community are the keys to constitute the urban ecosystem.
The theory and method of urban habitat-site design and plant community design are an important field and frontier direction of landscape architecture at home and abroad. Based on the core contents of the discipline in site planning, vertical design and planting design, the research relates to the interdisciplinary knowledge of urban ecology, community ecology, hydrology, soil science and landscape sociology. Through the transformation from natural science to engineering technology research paradigm, a practicable disciplinary knowledge system can be created，and it is widely applied in the practice fields of ecological restoration, low-impact development, urban biodiversity, economical gardens and roof planting.
Directions of topic selection: characteristics, types and spatial patterns of urban habitats-site; urban biodiversity and plant community design; vertical design, hydrological process and habitat construction; study on habitat characteristics of road green space; and practice research on biodiversity restoration.
Slide upward
风景园林与国土空间规划
为应对我国城市空间治理的新需求，传统的城乡规划被国土空间规划取代。在工业文明向生态文明转型，物质形态规划向资源管控型规划转型的背景下，从风景园林视角思考国土空间规划的编制与管控方法显得尤为重要。近期国家关于国土空间规划的文件不断推出，2019 年 5 月中共中央国务院出台《关于建立国土空间规划体系并监督实施的若干意见》、自然资源部印发《关于全面开展国土空间规划工作的通知》。在国土空间规划的体系形成过程中，来自风景园林学科的思考与探索不可或缺。
专题组稿邀请长期深耕在城乡绿地系统规划、自然地保护等方向的风景园林专家，对国土空间规划中涉及双评价、生态管控、生态修复、开敞空间等方面的规划编制与管控方法提出构想。
Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning of National Land
In order to meet the new needs of urban spatial governance in China, traditional urban and rural planning has been replaced by the spatial planning of national land. Under the background of the transformation from the industrial civilization to the ecological civilization and from the physical planning to resource management and control planning, it is particularly important to consider the compilation and control methods of spatial planning of national land from the perspective of landscape architecture. A series of national documents on the spatial planning of national land have been published continuously. For example, the State Council of the CPC promulgated <Suggestions on establishing system of spatial planning of national land and supervising the implementation>, and the Ministry of Natural Resources issued <Notice on the comprehensive development of spatial planning of national land>. In the process of the formation of the land space planning system, it is indispensable to think and explore from landscape architecture.
This topic invites landscape architects who have long-term concern on urban and rural green space system planning, natural land protection and other relevant directions to put forward ideas on the planning and control methods involving double evaluation, ecological management and control, ecological restoration, open space and so on in the spatial planning of national land.
智慧城市设计与技术
今天，随着“第四次工业革命”的根本变化及其对社会的深远影响，移动通信、自动驾驶、大数据、机器学习、人工智能、虚拟现实、机器人技术、基因编辑、3D打印、量子计算、物联网等最新技术是我们设计中必须面对的新挑战。‘智慧城市’是迎接新挑战和利用我们新环境的这些技术潜力的最重要的枢纽之一。
正如历史所证明的那样，如果世界随着新技术的变化而变革，那么传统的都市主义是无法置身度外的。我们必须了解并适应新环境，主动寻求新的设计解决方案。
数字技术是新兴范式的核心，这一期拟邀请学者，业界，政府和非政府组织来探讨智慧城市如何塑造城市化景观在“第四次工业革命”时代的地位和作用？新技术在我们的城市和环境中的新应用，新形态学，新方法论和新影响是什么？在这种新环境中，人工智能的兴起给我们的学科带来了哪些机遇和挑战？设计师应该根据对物理，虚拟和生态系统的革命产生革新的设计？
‘它山之石，可以攻玉’，希冀以《风景园林》这个大平台，通过‘智慧城市’这个大视野海纳百川，来思索和发展智慧城市在中国风景园林和城市研究与设计方面的各种可能运用。
Smart City Design and Technology
Today, with the fundamental changes from ‘The 4th Industrial Revolution’ and its profound impacts to our society, new challenging design problems have to be faced with the latest technologies like mobile communication, autopilot, big data, machine learning, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, robotics, gene editing, 3D printing, quantum computing, IoT and etc. It appears that Smart City is one of the most crucial hubs to meet the new challenges and exploit these technical potentials in the new environment.
As demonstrated in history, if the world changes with new technologies, the traditional urbanism and landscape cannot remain unresponsive. We must understand and adapt to the new circumstances toward new design solutions.
The digital technologies are at the core of the emerging paradigm, we invite academicians, professionals, industries, and governments to address how Smart City is reshaping the form and role of urbanism and landscape in the age of ‘The 4th industrial revolution’? What are the new applications, typologies, methodologies, and impact of the new technologies to our cities and environment? What are the emerging opportunities and challenges to our discipline caused by the rise of Artificial Intelligence in this new environment? How designers should create design innovation regarding the revolution in physical, virtual and ecological complexities?
‘Stones from other hills may serve to polish jade’. The ambitious platform of "Landscape Architecture", through the "smart city" as a vast vision, is inclusive to think about and develop smart cities in Chinese landscape architecture, urban research and design.
传统人居环境营造思想与技术传承
传统人居环境营造积累了丰富的营造经验，涉及如何平衡功能与形式的关系，如何传承思想文化、满足不同生活的需求等等。这些经验往往集中在如何“以少代多”、“以天然胜人力”，“以被动胜主动”等方面，与当今倡导低碳环保、可持续发展的潮流不谋而合。但因过去多用隐晦艰涩的玄学来解释分析，无法科学正确认识并在此基础上改进创新，导致传统人居环境生命力的丧失，以及现今对传统经验的误读和抛弃。目前我国传统人居环境的功能与形式之间、各个要素互相影响的复杂关系认识尚不清晰。背后原因，是涉及诸多学科的知识分割，多集中在单个要素的定量研究，科学系统地指导人居环境的研究实践具有较大困难。甚至有学者发现用最新的国外计算机模型的模拟结果，与我国传统人居环境的实测数据存在某些背离。传统所积累富有诗意的文化表达，因借自然力量营造人居环境的经验智慧，其中迷雾与奥秘仍有待用现代科学思维与方法去认识本质，进而为当代实践所用。因此专题希望抛砖引玉，从传统人居环境的整体角度出发，探讨其中的营造思想、技术传承及科学意义，以期建构一脉相承的本土知识体系，启发适应当代地域与文化需求的风景园林设计实践。
Design Ideology and Technology Sustainability of Local Human Built Environment
In the past, local human built environment practice accumulate lots of design experience, including how to balance well between form and function, and adaptive to the need of culture and ideology. It is similar to the contemporary sustainability trend, because it focuses on the terse style, the nature power and passive energy likewise. However, it lacks scientific research contrary to its inherent wisdom. So there are many misunderstanding about it, and we cannot master and improve. Because of separated disciplines, it is hard to consider them together, and existing study pay more attention to each independent factor. Furthermore, in recent study some scholars found the computer simulation which deviated from the reality measuring data. Therefore, the wisdom of local human built environment need more research to explore its poetic dwelling and unravel scientific mysteries of nature power. Finally, this topic considers the whole entity of local human built environment as a comprehensive system, to promote the scientific thinking about the design ideology and technology sustainability, and to connect the past and the future of local landscape design practice.
自然保护地评估、规划与管理
随着国家公园体制改革的深入，建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系将成为下一步的重要研究内容。2019年1月23日下午习近平总书记主持召开中央全面深化改革委员会第六次会议并发表重要讲话。会议审议通过了《关于建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系指导意见》。会议强调，要按照山水林田湖草是一个生命共同体的理念，创新自然保护地管理体制机制，实施自然保护地统一设置、分级管理、分区管控，把具有国家代表性的重要自然生态系统纳入国家公园体系，实行严格保护，形成以国家公园为主体、自然保护区为基础、各类自然公园为补充的自然保护地管理体系。
专题将聚焦以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系构建，侧重于从功能定位、空间布局、体系建设等不同角度系统探讨。
Assessment, Planning and Management of Nature Reserves
As the national park system undergoes a thorough reform, it is vital to establish a nature reserve system that is focused on national parks as the next step in research. On the afternoon of January 23, 2019, Mr. Xi Jinping presided over the sixth meeting of the Central Committee for Comprehensive Deepening Reform and delivered a keynote address. The Guiding Opinions on Establishing a National Park-centered Nature Reserve System was reviewed and approved during the meeting, with an emphasis on the concept that mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes and grasses are all vital to life, and that the management system and mechanism of nature reserves should be innovative. In addition, unified setting, hierarchical management and regional control of nature reserves should be implemented. Important state-level natural ecosystems should be incorporated into the national park system and conservation measures should be strictly implemented in order to form a nature reserve management system with national parks at its core, nature reserves as its foundation and various nature parks as the supplement.
This issue shall focus on the construction of the national park-centered nature reserve system, with an emphasis on the systematic discussion from different aspects such as functional orientation, spatial layout and system construction.
自然途径
“自然途径”概念始现于20世纪末。近年来，它在可持续发展政策和科学界日益受到重视，被用来描述利用自然过程而非技术工程应对社会挑战的创新性努力，其中包括适应气候变化、生物多样性、生态系统管理和可持续生活方式。IUCN将其定义为“保护、可持续管理、恢复和改良生态系统的行动，以有效和适应性的方式应对社会挑战，同时提供人类福祉和生物多样性”。“自然途径”提倡从更全面的视角看待解决问题的程序，强调生态和社会系统之间的联系寻求多目标多功能的问题解决之道。
“自然途径”是一种有效的沟通工具，它能够促进人们积极看待“基于自然”的实践措施，实现可持续发展。然而很多在此框架内使用和讨论的解决方案并非全新。很多现有的概念和思想包含类似关切，以期基于自然解决社会挑战，如麦克哈格的自然设计、生态设计、可持续设计、生态恢复、可持续城市化、基于生态系统的适应等。既往教训和机会尚未被完美地纳入新框架概念之中。另一方面，置于该框架下的解决方案也琳琅满目，包括从小规模的现场解决方案到区域层面的恢复，从人造绿色屋顶到茫茫荒野，从技术细节到生态系统管理。大多数“基于自然的解决方案”的实现过程涉及应用各种“自然的”解决方案，且往往是依据实际问题任意选择的结果。
“自然途径”所倡导的自然观和整体观值得世界范围可持续发展领域的更多关注，中国更是如此，因为在生态文明建设的背景下，生态规划以及生态修复已经成为中国时代发展的重要议题。
为了进一步庆祝“自然途径”的实施，本专题欢迎大家踊跃投稿，就其理论构想，框架的制定、设计和实施，效率与效能的评估流程，以及促进其实施的治理和商业模式等问题，提供真知灼见和创新性思考。
Nature-based Solutions
First emerged in the late 2000s, nature-based solutions (NBS) recently attracted increasing attention in sustainable policy and science communities as a term to describe innovative efforts that utilize natural processes rather than technical engineering to address a wide variety of societal challenges, including climate change adaptation, biodiversity, ecosystem stewardship and sustainable livelihoods. The IUCN definined NBS as “actions to protect, sustainably manage and restore natural and modified ecosystems that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits”. NBS calls for a more holistic perspective into problem-solving procedure, which is open to multiple objectives and accounts for the various links among ecological and social systems.
As an effective communication tool to promote a positive view of ‘nature-based’ practice measures towards sustainability, many solutions used and discussed in the umbrella of NBS are not exclusively new. There are many existing concepts and ideas encompassing similar concerns to address societal challenges based on nature, for instance, design with nature by McHarg, ecological design, sustainable design, ecological restoration, sustainable urbanism, ecosystem-based adaptation, etc. Lessons and opportunities from the past have yet been well included in the new umbrella concept. On the other hand, the solutions in its umbrella are also multitude ranging from small scale site solutions to regional level restoration, from artificial green roofs to wildness, from detailed techniques to ecosystem management. Most implementations of NBS involve applications of varied “natural” solutions that are often chosen arbitrarily based on practical problems.
The positive view toward nature and holistic decision making embedded in NBS deserves more attention in the realm of sustainable development worldwide, and particularly in China where ecological civilization promotes ecological restoration and planning as one of the core development themes recently.
To further celebrate the implementation of NBS, this special issue calls for contributions that provide insights and innovations regarding conceptualization of NBS theories, frameworks to plan, design and implement NBS, processes to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of NBS as well as governance and business models to facilitate NBS implementations.
公园更新
自从约瑟夫•帕克斯顿设计的伯肯赫德公园公园以来，公园便是城市不可分割的一个部分，奥姆斯特德主导的中央公园则制定了后世城市公园设计的系列准则，并通过鸦片战争以后城市租界区的花园而传入我国。我国传统城市中虽无公园，但城市布局与建设素有结合山水形胜的传统，这些传统风景营建具有公园的某些职能；同时，部分城市中的官署花园则在辛亥革命后得以幸存，并以古典园林的形式开放以服务大众；这些构成了我国城市公园的多重来源。近年来，伴随着城市由增量转向存量发展，公园更新逐渐成为城市建设的重要内容和城市发展新的驱动力。本专题将围绕着3方面展开：
1）公园的产生是工业化初期城市与自然关系的思考结果，公园更新能否重新审视自然与城市的关系；
2）城市更新背景下，公园改造与更新如何最大程度应对变化的城市环境和多元的人群需求；
3）当代的文化特征如何与原有公园的历史信息和特定趣味相互融合。
Park Renewal
Ever since the Birkenhead Park designed by Joseph Paxton, the park has become an integral part of the city. Due to the Central Park, built under the direction of Olmsted, a series of guidelines were formulated for the design of future urban parks and were introduced to China through the gardens in city concession area after the Opium War. Although there were no public parks in traditional cities in China, the urban layout and construction were traditionally combined with famous landscapes. The construction of these traditional landscapes served certain functions of the park. Meanwhile, the government office gardens in some cities survived the Revolution of 1911 and were opened in the form of classical gardens to serve the public. These have constituted the multiple sources of urban parks in China. In recent years, with the city changing from incremental to stock development, park renewal has gradually become an important part of urban construction and a new driving force of urban development. This topic will focus on three aspects：
1) With the emergence of parks being the result of reflecting on the relationship between city and nature in the early stage of industrialization, whether the park renewal can re-examine the relationship between nature and city;
2) How do park reconstruction and renewal, to the maximum extent, respond to the changing urban environments and the diverse population needs in the context of urban renewal;
3) How do contemporary cultural characteristics integrate with the historical information and the specific taste of the original park.
健康城市与健康人居
中国城市发展对经济产生了巨大的推动作用，但也随之带来了一系列问题。尤其是中国城市环境的恶化正在引发一系列健康危机，包括身体健康、心理健康等多个方面。随着中国城市化进程的不断深入，如何改善居民健康，创造人类生存福祉，已经成为日益被关注的话题，也是当今国际研究的热点。健康中国已经成为中国未来重要的发展战略。
城市绿地作为一种重要的城市绿色基础设施，在缓解城市化问题，改善公共健康方面可以发挥包括促进身体锻炼、降低精神压力、促进邻里健康等一系列功能。如何将提升公众健康与风景园林规划设计相结合，已经成为目前重要的研究议题。本专题主要聚焦以下几方面内容：1）风景园林与公共健康改善的影响机理和理论；2）健康城市和人居建设的风景园林科学方法；3）聚焦健康城市和人居建设的风景园林规划设计实践等。
Healthy City and Healthy Human Settlements
China's urban development has greatly promoted the economy, but it has also brought a series of problems. In particular, the deterioration of urban environment is triggering a series of health crises, including physical health, mental health and other aspects. With the continuous deepening of the urbanization process in China, how to improve the health of residents and create human welfare has become an increasingly concerned topic as well as a hot spot in international research today. Healthy China has become an important development strategy for China in the future.
As an important green infrastructure, urban green space can play a series of functions in alleviating urbanization problems and improving public health, including promoting physical exercise, reducing mental stress, and enhancing neighborhood health. How to integrate public health improvement with landscape architecture planning and design has become a major research topic at present. This topic focuses on the following aspects: 1) The influence mechanism and theory of landscape architecture and public health improvement, 2) The scientific method of landscape architecture for healthy city and human settlement construction, 3) Focus on the landscape architecture planning and design practice for healthy city and human settlement construction.
区域风景营构传统
在广袤的大地上，中国国土景观以多样的自然地理条件为基础，在政治、经济、社会的多重影响下，历经长时间的人工干预，形成了各地特色鲜明的传统区域风景，积淀了丰富的营构传统和风景特色。然而随着全球化和城市化双重胁迫下，中国城乡风景面貌的差异性、多样性呈不断降低趋势，传统的地方风景营构传统正逐渐被淡化。如何挖掘不同区域视野下的风景营构传统，延续中国千百年来风景的地域性和时空连续性，是当下亟待解决的重要问题。
本专题拟收录一系列最新的研究性和综述性文章，关注不同区域视野下的区域风景营构传统。来稿可针对以下方面，但不局限于此。
1）关于区域风景营建机制方面的研究：对不同区域的风景特色、变迁历程及其营建机制等方面进行解读，探究区域风景在不同自然和人文条件影响下的形塑过程与结果，归纳传承、保护地域国土风景特征的途径与方法。
2）关于区域风景传统空间要素及类型方面的研究：从山水风景格局、园林类型或关键风景点等多种空间尺度出发，对区域城乡传统风景的具体要素类型及其空间布局、形态特征、组织结构等方面的解读，探究地域特征的要素构成与营造经验；
3）关于区域风景营造技术方面的研究：主要包括趋利避灾的人居环境空间体系、区域水利营构以及区域特色材料风景构筑等生态智慧，以期从具体技术手法视野下，挖掘、梳理区域风景可持续发展的传统经验。
Regional Landscape Construction Tradition
In the vast expanse of China, the land landscape, which is based on a variety of natural geographical conditions, has developed into various traditional regional landscapes with distinctive local characteristics, and accumulated rich construction traditions and scenic features under the influence of politics, economy and society, after a long period of manual intervention. However, with the dual pressure of globalization and urbanization, the difference and diversity of China's urban and rural landscape features are decreasing, and the traditional local landscape construction skills are gradually fading. How to excavate the landscape construction traditions under different regional horizons and keep the regional and spatio-temporal continuity of the landscape of thousands of years is an important issue to be solved urgently.
This issue will include a series of latest research and overview articles, focusing on regional landscape construction traditions under different regional visions. The contributions can target, but not limited to, the following aspects.
1) Research on the mechanism of regional landscape construction: interpret landscape characteristics, courses of change and construction mechanism of different regions, explore the shaping processes and results of regional landscapes under different natural and human conditions, summarize the ways and methods of inheriting and protecting the characteristics of regional landscapes.
2) Research on traditional spatial elements and types of regional landscapes: start from multiple spatial scales, such as landscape patterns, garden types and key scenic spots, to interpret the specific elements, spatial layout, morphological features, organizational structure of traditional landscapes in urban and rural areas, explore the components and construction experience of regional characteristics.
3) Research on regional landscape construction technologies: mainly include such ecological wisdom as the human settlement spatial system that pursues benefits and avoids disasters, the regional water conservancy construction and landscape architecture with regional characteristic materials, in a bid to excavate and sort out the traditional experience of sustainable development of regional landscape from the perspective of specific techniques.
风景园林设计思想研究
我们常探讨风景园林设计实践中的原则、实践、思维观念与技术之间的相互关系。其中，设计原则包含在设计思想与观念之中，原则在设计实践中得以体现，方法工具则与实践互相支持。可以认为，风景园林设计中的各类实践与设计师的观念态度与思维倾向密切相关。在工具-方法-哲学的关联体系内，哲学思想的不同阵营及演变和时代价值密切相关，而设计思想与观念会深刻受到东西方不同哲学思想的影响。在此基础上，设计的思想与观念帮助定义了设计中的抗解问题（wicked problem）、进一步界定问题（problem framing），进而提出解决方法。设计师将解决方法的推断过程（solution conjectures）作为理解问题和形成设计的一种手段，使用了溯因/诱导式（abductive）的推理过程而非只有归纳和演绎方法，使问题界定与解决路径的形成共同进化与发展。
本专题将聚焦设计思想与观念的产生与作用，区别于其他学科中以问题为核心（problem-focused）的研究过程，这一专题着重探讨设计思想与观念的哲学背景，如何以逻辑、想象、知觉和系统性推理共同影响设计行为和解决路径的推演，如何作用于设计师的洞察与感知、策略施行与实践过程，以及新价值体系的形成。
Research on Design Thinking and Philosophy of Landscape Architecture
We often discuss the relationship between the principle, practice, mindset and technology in landscape architecture designs. Among them, the design principle is included in the design thinking, the principle is embodied in the design practice, and the method tools and practice support each other. It is deemed that all practices in landscape architecture design are closely related to the mindset, attitude of the designers. In the relevance system of tool-method-philosophy, the camps and evolution of philosophical thoughts are closely associated with the value of the times, and the design thinking will be deeply influenced by different philosophical thoughts of the East and the West. On this basis, the ideas and concepts of the design help to define the wicked problems in the design, further frame the problems, and then put forward solutions. The designers take the solution conjectures as a means of understanding the problems and forming the designs, and use the abductive reasoning process instead of mere induction and deduction, so that the problem definition and solution path formation can evolve and develop together.
This issue will focus on the emergence and functions of design ideas and concepts, which is different from the problem-focused research process in other disciplines. This special topic focuses on exploring the philosophical background of design ideas and concepts, how to influence the designprocess and deduction of solution paths with logic, imagination, perception and systematic reasoning, how to act on the designers’ insight and perception, strategy implementation and practice process, and the formation of a new value system.
河流保护与修复研究
工业革命之后，人类对河流的大规模开发利用导致河流生态环境及相关问题凸显。1968年美国《野生与风景河流法》（The Wild and Scenic River Act, WSRA）是世界上第一部以保护河流的自然流淌特性及其生态、风景、游憩价值为目标的法案。之后，新西兰、澳大利亚、加拿大等国也逐步针对河流颁布了相应保护性法案。中国目前水利建设仍处于大规模发展期，对河流的开发建设诉求涉及到水资源、水电、防洪和航运等。现实中许多拥有重要生态功能和卓越风景资源的地区往往也是水利开发的热点地区，因此常面临河流水利设施建设与生态、风景资源保护的矛盾。中国目前的河流价值认知更多强调其经济性，对其自然、生态与风景价值的重视相对不足，现有保护地体系对河流的保护机制尚不系统，退化河流修复技术及成功案例尚不丰富。据联合国环境规划署最新报告，河流筑坝建库引发的“水库效应”将使生态系统破碎化、孤立化，对于生物多样性保护是致命威胁，因此如何保护与恢复河流的自然流淌状态，重建河流廊道生态系统及景观连续性，发挥其完整的生态系统服务价值，从地区及国际层面均是未来重要的研究方向，也将是中国河流保护与修复的未来重要任务。
River Protection and Restoration Research
Since Industrial Revolution, the enormous development and alteration of rivers based on economic needs has caused severe ecological, environmental and relevant problems. The milestone in legislation and practice of integrated river protection worldwide was the enactment of Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of USA in 1968. Afterwards, New Zealand (1981), Canada (1984) and Queensland of Australia (1990) established river protection systems. At present, China has the largest number of dams of any country in the world and will be continuously in a period of large-scale river development for the foreseeable future. China's rivers are under intensive demands to meet multiple uses ranging from water resources development, flood control, hydro-electricity generation, shipping, pollution prevention to water environment improvement. The areas with high ecological sensitivity and outstanding scenic resources are often the hotspots of water resources development. Therefore, the contradictions between dam construction and river ecosystem and landscape protection are still a big challenge in China. Hence, China’s current river management focuses on the development of economic and practical values and often ignores ecological, cultural and scenic values protection. Therefore, the establishment of comprehensive river management legislation and river protection system is very urgent. It is also the major objective of the latest report of Environmental Planning Agency UN that addressing the significance of safeguarding natural flow status and restore the continuity of river corridor to fulfill its integrated eco-system services.
生态系统服务
生态系统服务理论是当今生态学理论与实践研究的十大热点领域之一。它立足人类长期发展所获得的福祉，从生态系统提供的供给服务、调节服务、文化服务和支撑服务出发，理解人类赖以生存的环境以及人与环境的关系。景观是具有多尺度生态系统服务功能的整体空间，生态系统服务也成为风景园林理论与实践发展的重要理论基础。本专题重点突出近年来风景园林开展生态系统服务理论与实践研究的前沿领域，公开征集风景园林学科开展生态系统服务理论研究的综述、生态系统服务与景观服务（landscape service）、生态系统服务的空间性与制图、基于生态系统服务理论的空间优先级选择、国土生态空间规划与大地景观规划、绿色基础设施与生态网络空间体系规划等领域的研究成果。
Ecosystem Service
The theory of ecosystem services is one of the ten most popular research fields in ecological theory and practices. It understands the environment on which human beings depend for survival, as well as the relationship between human beings and the environment from the aspects of supply services, adjustment services, cultural services and support services provided by the ecosystem based on the well-being of humans in long-term development. Landscape is the general space with multi-scale ecosystem service functions. Ecosystem services have also become an important theoretical basis for the theoretical and practical development of landscape architecture. This edition highlights the frontier fields of the theoretical and practical research on ecosystem services in landscape architecture in recent years. It combines research results such as summaries of theoretical research on ecosystem services in landscape architecture disciplines, ecosystem services and landscape services, spatiality and mapping of ecosystem services, spatial priority selection based on ecosystem services theory, land use ecological spatial planning and landscape planning, green infrastructure and spatial system planning in ecological network, etc.
景观正义
正义一直是人类哲学研究的焦点命题，景观正义从属于社会正义的大命题范畴，同时又有其独特的内涵指向。我们希望能够从更广阔的社会学、经济学等多学科的研究视角对景观正义进行讨论，让景观正义成为一个大众普遍关注且能清晰感知的议题。
专题可从以下几个方面进行探讨：从可持续发展的视角，讨论景观公平与经济增长、生态环境保护之间的平衡关系；从环境正义的角度展开，讨论人与自然环境，人与人之间环境资源分配的伦理问题；探讨景观对于社会公平所带来的正面或负面影响；城市绿地或公共景观对于不同人群在空间使用方面的公平性研究；考虑到社会不同群体的立场与需求后所进行的趋近正义的景观规划过程和详细设计案例。
Interpretation of Landscape Justice
Justice has always been the focusing point of human philosophical research. Landscape justice is subordinate to the proposition of social justice, and have its own unique connotation at the same time. We hope to discuss landscape justice from a broader perspective of sociology, economics, and other multidisciplinary perspectives, making landscape justice a topic of general public concern and clear perception.
This issue could be discussed from the following aspects: discuss the relationship between landscape justice, economic growth, ecological and environmental protection from a sustainable development perspective; discuss people and the natural environment, and Ethical issues of environmental resource allocation from the landscape justice perspective; explore the positive or negative impact of landscape on social justice; discuss the fairness of urban green space or public landscape use for people with different background; the landscape planning process and detailed design that enforcing landscape justice from the perspective of different groups of people’s position and needs.
城市雨水绿色基础设施
城市雨水绿色基础设施（GSI）由于其在降低灰色基础设施更新扰动和成本、缓解城市内涝、净化径流水质及改善城市人居环境等方面的潜力，近二十年来逐渐成为世界各国城市雨水管理计划的核心。随着中国海绵城市建设迈入第七年，大尺度、高速率的实践探索中，各试点城市积累了宝贵的科学、技术及实践经验，同时也对各地区在不同自然、社会、经济背景下实施城市雨水绿色基础设施的挑战有了更深刻的认识。一方面，中国海绵城市建设与海外前沿经验在七年的频繁互动中产生了有关政策、管理、技术、文化、审美等多层面的有趣的中外差异；另一方面，雨水管理新动向，如其与全球气候变化的关系、新技术及材料的应用、群落式种植途径、管理维护的重要性、经济层面考量、艺术化雨水设计等，将对海绵城市下一阶段的推进产生重要启示。本专题对以上两个方面——本土挑战和经验以及新动向的启示进行政治、经济、科学、文 化、美学等多视角的探索。
Urban Green Stormwater Infrastructure
In the past two decades, as a promising approach for reducing the disruptions and cost to repair and replace aging grey infrastructure, reducing urban nuisance flooding, improving runoff quality, and providing a wide array of co-benefits including enhancing urban livability, green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) has gradually become a centerpiece of many municipal stormwater management programs worldwide. As Chinese sponge city development approaches its seventh year, valuable lessons about the science, technology, and implementation of GSI have emerged with the unprecedently rapid and large-scale application. The pilot cities have developed a deeper understanding of the regional differences in challenges of implementing GSI due to distinct natural, social, and economic contexts. On the one hand, recent frequent knowledge exchanges led to interesting observations about western and Chinese differences in terms of regulation, management, technologies, culture, and aesthetics of GSI. On the other hand, new areas of research, including climate change implications of GSI, new technologies and materials, community-based planting approach, the importance of operation and maintenance, economic aspects of GSI, artful rainwater design, etc. will generate important implications for the next phase of sponge city development. This special issue will explore both localized challenges and experience, and implications of new research topics, offering integrated cross-disciplinary perspectives towards the advancement of GSI science and practice.
乡村人居生态环境
当前城镇化建设给我国乡村带来了新的发展机遇，同时也带来了新的挑战。一方面，对乡村土地空间和资源需求的增长与乡村有限的土地资源和自然环境承载力之间的矛盾日益突出，乡村生态系统日益恶化，传统乡村景观风貌和乡村人居环境也受到较大冲击。另一方面，乡村人居环境正经历着由“传统”向“现代”的快速转型，变化最为剧烈。由于多依靠政府单向推动、自上而下，乡村城市化现象突出，大广场、景观草坪、大牌楼等“形象工程”泛滥，导致“千村一面”的同质化现象过于明显。这一切呼唤着风景园林、城乡规划和建筑学等学科将专业关注焦点由城市向乡村领域拓展，关注城镇化发展下亟需进行的乡村人居生态环境营造与优化。针对我国乡村人居生态环境营造中存在的问题和需求，从乡村景观分类评价、人居空间景观营造、乡村生态系统多样性维护、传统聚落民居建筑、乡土文化传承展示等多方面提供理论支撑和技术支持。
Rural Human Settlement Ecological Environment
The current urbanization construction has brought new development opportunities to China's rural areas, but also brought new challenges. On the one hand, the contradiction between the growing demands for rural land space and resources and the limited land resources and natural environment carrying capacity of rural areas is increasingly prominent, the rural ecosystem is deteriorating, and the traditional rural landscape and rural human settlement environment are also greatly affected. On the other hand, the rural human settlement environment is undergoing a rapid transition from “traditional” to “modern”, with the most dramatic changes. Due to the government's one-way promotion and top-down approach, the phenomenon of rural urbanization is prominent, and the “prestige project” such as the large square, the landscape lawn, and the big-name building is flooding, leading to the homogenization that all villages look like. All these calls for landscape architecture, urban and rural planning and architecture to expand the professional focus from urban to rural areas, and pay attention to the construction and optimization of rural human settlements under the development of urbanization. In view of the problems and needs in the construction of rural human settlements in China, this paper provides theoretical support and technical support from rural landscape classification evaluation, human settlement spatial landscape construction, rural ecosystem diversity maintenance, traditional settlement residential architecture, and local culture heritage display.
气候变化及设计应对策略
我国城市化进程在不断加快，预计2020年，我国城镇化率将达到50%至55%，到2050年可能达到60%至70%。但近年来，我国城市热环境质量的总体水平在逐渐下降，南方地区夏季的热岛效应和北方地区冬季的狭管效应都十分普遍。
随着城市开发建设规模加大和开发方式的不科学，城市环境热平衡模式不断被打破，已使我国城市的平均热岛强度达到了3℃，最高突破了6℃，由此引发的城市人口发病和死亡率逐年攀升，城市民生用能消耗迅猛增长。
在这样的背景下，我们的城市规划、建筑和景观设计都面临应对的挑战。
各地在城市热环境的观测、变化机理分析及设计应对策略方面都做了诸多尝试，本专题旨在汇集这方面的最新研究成果，让读者了解这方面国内外最新的科研工作进展，为城市应对气候变化提供参考。
Urban Thermal Climate Change and Design Strategies
Because China's urbanization process is accelerating, it is expected that the urbanization rate will reach 50% to 55% in 2020 and 60% to 70% by 2050. However, in recent years, the overall level of urban thermal environment quality in China is gradually decreasing, and the phenomenon are very common, such as heat island effect in the southern region in summer and the narrow tube effect in the northern region in winter.
With the increase of the scale of urban development and construction and the unscientific development mode, the urban environmental heat balance mode is constantly broken, which has made the average heat island intensity of China's cities reach 3℃ and the highest break 6℃. The resulting morbidity and mortality of urban population has risen year by year, and the consumption of energy of urban people's livelihood increases rapidly.
In this context, our urban planning, landscape and architectural design are facing challenges.
Many attempts have been made to observe the urban thermal environment, analyze the mechanism of change and design coping strategies. The purpose of this topic is to collect the latest research results in this field, to let readers know the latest research progress at home and abroad, and to provide references for cities to cope with climate change.
工业遗产与景观更新
20 世纪 60 年代，西方国家提出“工业遗产”概念，随着世界文化遗产中工业遗产数量的日趋上升，有关工业遗产的各项专题研究在国际上已受到广泛关注。目前我国对工业遗产保护与再利用的研究工作主要围绕“工业建筑遗产”方向展开，“建筑学”视角凸显，而事实上，涉及工业遗产的一系列议题都亟待通过交叉学科的视角展开。特别是当下中国城市景观正面临着存量发展与更新，如何将工业遗产与文化景观相结合，在保护中寻求其合理、有效再利用，突出工业遗产价值的同时，实现景观更新与功能转化。工业遗产作为一种特殊的文化景观，是在某一历史时期城市或区域中工业文化的代表，是传承工业文化的重要载体，它与普通社会民众的日常生产、生活息息相关，并依此形成了产业类型丰富、分布范围广泛、区域特征明显、空间形态各异的文化景观，更是与所在城市的演变及空间格局发展有着千丝万缕的联系。
从城市文化景观意象缺失的角度，跨越较长时期且十分具有历史感、文脉性的工业遗产无疑能够为塑造城市日常文化景观要素与城市区域特征增添新的可能性。更进一步说，在全球层面下，快速构建的城市文化景观系统也需要更多本土化的表达以及创新性的景观意象。毫无疑问，在今后的研究与实践中，工业遗产与景观更新专题研究能够为建筑学、文化景观等视角下的工业遗产保护与再利用问题开拓更多的思路与可能性。
Industrial Heritage and Landscape Renewal
In the 1960s, the concept of industrial heritage was proposed in Western countries. With its increasing number in the world cultural heritage, various researches on industrial heritage have received extensive attention internationally. At present, China’s scientific research work on the protection and reuse of industrial heritage mainly focuses on the direction of industrial building heritage, and accordingly the perspective of architecture is prominent. In fact, a series of issues involving the industrial heritage are urgently needed to be carried out through an interdisciplinary perspective. Especially in the current when Chinese urban landscape is facing the development and renewal of stocks, how to combine the industrial heritage and cultural landscape, seek reasonable and effective reuse in protection, highlight the value of industrial heritage, and realize landscape renewal and functional transformation. Regarded as a special cultural landscape, the industrial heritage is the representative of industrial culture in a certain historical period city or region. It is an essential carrier for inheriting industrial culture, and also is closely related to the daily production and life of ordinary people. Accordingly, the cultural landscape with various industrial types, wide distribution, obvious regional characteristics and different spatial forms has been formed, which is inextricably linked with the evolution of cities and the development of spatial patterns. From the perspective of the lack of urban cultural landscape images, the industrial heritage with sense of history and context, which spans a long period of time, will undoubtedly add new possibilities of shaping the daily cultural landscape elements of cities and the characteristics of urban areas. Furthermore, at the global level, the rapidly constructed urban cultural landscape system also needs more localized expression and innovative landscape images. Undoubtedly, in the future research and practice, the topic of industrial heritage and landscape renewal could open up more ideas and possibilities for the protection and reuse of industrial heritage from the perspectives of architecture and cultural landscape.
城市自然系统整体规划
2019年6月6日，德国联邦内阁通过了德国环保部部长舒尔策（Svenja Schulze）提出的《城市自然系统整体规划》（Masterplan Stadtnatur)，其目标是保护城市中的物种和生物多样性，削弱气候变化的负面影响并最终提高人类的生活质量。
城市的自然系统对人类具有重要的意义，对于人类的生活质量、健康、休闲和生活体验产生很大的影响。城市的自然系统可作为“绿色”的基础设施，保护生物的多样性，服务人类健康，应对气候变化，提供科普教育平台，增强社会凝聚力。
本专题将从城市自然系统的整体规划角度出发，寻求城市自然系统的过去与现在内涵的思考，探讨城市景观风貌与自然的联系，从国家战略、政策管理、项目实施、技术平台等方面提出改善城市自然系统风貌的具体措施。
Master Planning of Urban Natural Systems
On June 6, 2019, the German Federal Cabinet adopted the “Masterplan Stadtnatur”, proposed by Svenja Schulze, Minister of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, aimed at protecting species and biodiversity in the city, weakening the negative impact of climate change and ultimately improving the quality of human life.
The natural system of the city is of great significance to human beings and has a great impact on the quality of life, health, leisure and life experience. The city’s natural system can serve as a "green" infrastructure that protects biological diversity, improves human health, responds to climate change, provides the Popular Science education platform and enhances social cohesion.
From the perspective of the overall planning of urban natural systems, this topic explores the past and present connotations of urban natural systems, discusses the relationship between urban landscapes and nature, and proposes specific measures to improve the appearance of urban natural systems from the aspects of national strategies, policy management, project implementation and technology platforms.
专类公园
专类公园是具有特定内容或形式，有一定游憩设施的绿地，是城市公园绿地的重要组成部分。《城市绿地分类标准》将专类公园分为儿童公园、动物园、植物园、历史名园、风景名胜公园、游乐公园、以及雕塑园、盆景园、体育公园、纪念性公园等其它具有特定主题内容的绿地。专类公园除了具备城市公园绿地的基本功能以外，根据不同主题特色还需要承载特定的功能，如展现动物、植物等特色资源，彰显地域性历史人文文化等。
专类公园在国内外都有悠久的发展历史，有研究表明人类记载的第一个动物园是公元前2300年美索不达米亚南部的乌尔动物园，我国在秦汉时期就出现了植物园的雏形。我国特别是在新中国成立后，专类公园有了较大发展，各类专类公园数量不断增加，大量历史名园、风景名胜公园得到保留与修复。相应的研究工作也随之开展，在倡导“森林城市”、“公园城市”的今天，如何在城市空间中合理布局专类公园，如何构建各类专类公园并保证其景观的可持续发展，如何更好地发挥专类公园的生态价值和人文价值，更需要对专类公园进行系统性、创新性和深入性的研究。本专题围绕多样化的专类公园展开，主要探讨专类公园的景观演变历史、景观空间格局、景观规划设计、景观功能效益和可持续发展等方面的最新科研成果，为我国城市专类公园的建设提供参考。
Special Parks
Special parks are green spaces with specific content or form and certain recreational facilities, which are important parts of urban parks. They were divided into children's parks, zoos, botanical gardens, historical gardens, scenic spots, amusement parks, and other green spaces with specific themes such as sculpture gardens, bonsai gardens, sports parks, memorial parks. In addition to the basic functions of urban parks, special parks also need to carry specific functions according to different theme features, such as showing animal, plant and other characteristic resources, highlighting regional history, culture and so on.
Special parks have a long history of development at home and abroad, it was showed that the first zoo recorded by humans was a zoo in southern Mesopotamia in 2300 BC, and the rudiment of botanical garden appeared in Qin and Han dynasties in China. Especially after the founding of the People's Republic of China, special parks have made great progress. The number of special parks has been increasing, and a large number of historical gardens and scenic spots have been preserved and restored. Corresponding research work has been carried out, in advocating "forest city", "park city" of today, and how to reasonable layout special parks in the city space, how to build all kinds of special park landscape and ensure the sustainable development of the landscape, how to better play to ecological value and humanistic value, special parks require more systematic, innovative and in-depth researches. This issue focuses on diversified special parks, mainly discusses the latest scientific research achievements in the aspects of landscape evolution history, landscape spatial pattern, landscape planning and design, landscape functional benefits and sustainable development of special parks, in order to provide reference for the construction of urban special parks in China.
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《风景园林》是中华人民共和国教育部主管，北京林业大学主办的国际性风景园林规划与设计、城市设计以及公共艺术学刊，主要刊登国内外的近现代风景园林历史、风景园林规划设计理论、风景园林环境科学与技术的学术论文，以及风景园林总体设计和城市设计方案、风景园林设计和公共艺术建成作品等。
本刊为《中国人文社科期刊（AMI）综合评价报告（2018年）》扩展期刊、《中国学术期刊（RCCSE）评价报告（2017年）》准核心期刊。
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